Pore pressure is defined as the pressure of the fluid inside the pore space of the formation، also known as the formation pressure. When the pore pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure، it refers to as overpressure. Overpressure can make many problems such as kicks، blowouts، wellbore instability، hole washouts and loss of drilling mud circulation. Overpressure is generated due to different mechanisms; such as، compaction disequilibrium، oil to gas generation، buoyancy effect and lateral transfer. Each mechanism effects on exceed pressure in a significant way. So far، several methods have been proposed in pore pressure prediction using well logs and seismic data. Each method relies on a consideration that over pressure is resulting from a specific mechanism as the main factor، and it is also provided an empirical formula for estimation of pore pressure. Hence، geological studies to understand the overpressure generation mechanism and also choose the appropriated pore pressure estimation method are very important. The main objective of this study is to determine the mechanism of high pressure using well log information and provides the best method of estimating the pore pressure in one of hydrocarbon fields in southern Iran. To obtain this goal، the overpressure mechanism generation is studied from sonic log، density log، pore pressure and vertical effective stress information. The results suggest more disequilibrium compaction as the main mechanism and less unloading mechanism behind the overpressure. So، the Eaton and Bowers methods are used to estimation pore pressure and the results show agreement with the pore pressure prediction from formation pressure test.

Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

In-situ composites have gained the attention of worldwide researchers in the interest of their greater mechanical properties at the lower reinforcement ratio. Controlling the surface quality of components is a paramount task in the grinding process in order to withstand the creep and fatigue load at service conditions. The current effort is intended to examine the mechanism of surface generation in grinding AA6061-TiB2/ZrB2 in-situ composite under different reinforcement ratios, grinding parameters, and wheel materials. The analysis of results indicates that the grinding of the unreinforced alloy is complicated than the composites. Diamond wheel yields superior performance by generating lesser surface roughness and subsurface hardness at all grinding conditions. Among the various grinding parameters, grinding speed and grinding depth are more sensitive than other parameters. This experimental investigation helps to control the surface roughness and subsurface at various grinding conditions.

IThis method introduces the structural error of regression deviation, which is an effective method for the path generation of a vast type of planar and spatial mechanism. The proposed method avoids point-by-point comparison and requirement of timing and reflects the difference between the two curves very effectively in the objective function. By decreasing the number of the design variables, this method would help considerably in decreasing CPU time. The objective function that is based on regression error would converge to a global minimum by a genetic algorithm. At the end, the effectiveness of the method is shown by two numerical examples.

The Garmichay area in the north of Mianeh, NW Iran, features schists, amphibolites, calc-silicates, marbles and granitoids. Granitoids are of S-and A-type nature. Partial melting is the main generation mechanism, the progenitor is a pelite enriched in muscovite and the major melting reaction is muscovite dehydration. The ASI for the S-type granite varies between 1. 12-1. 5 indicating peraluminous character and crustal origin. Both granitic types are enriched in LREE in relation to HREE with negative Eu anomalies. Lan/Ybn ranges are 1. 49-3. 09 and 1. 34-1. 99 for the S-type and the A-type granites, respectively. Moreover, Lan/Gdn varies between 2. 45 and 5 for the S-type granite and 1. 53 and 1. 75 for the A-type granite. The S-type granite has been generated in a collisional zone during Assyntic Orogeny. The A-type granite, however, is formed in a within-plate environment. The A-type granite belongs to A1 subtype formed in a continental rifting setting. The crystallization temperatures for the S-type and the A-type granites vary from 650 to 750 º C and 800 to 850 º C، respectively.

Steel factories, smelting and alloying industries always require a lot of energy consumption, and reducing the consumption or recycling of wasted energy has always been considered as one of the important strategies to solve this problem. The production process in the aforementioned industries has some by-products, one of which is slag resulting from the chemical reaction of molten materials with some existing elements and materials. Slag also has a very high temperature due to contact with the melt and a lot of thermal energy is stored in it. Currently, this thermal energy is transferred to the environment in a useless way. The existence of a suitable mechanism for using this wasted energy would be very profitable and useful. The purpose of this research is to find a way to recycle the thermal energy in slag and use it in industries. In this article, an attempt has been made to use this heat to generate electricity using an innovative mechanism that is presented for the first time